They are cognitive frameworks, mental models, patterns of thought and behaviour. If the ID is dominant, the individual might develop a psychosis, e.g., schizophrenia. The behaviorist approach proposes that apart from a few innate reflexes and the capacity for learning, all complex behavior is learned from the environment. Evaluating scientific studies and theories, including in relation to issues, to: Apply knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques, and procedures: This assessment objective tests knowledge of research design and data analysis and applying a theoretical understanding of psychology to real-life examples. Animals and humans learn in the same ways, so behaviorists carry out experiments on animals and extrapolate the results to humans. The deterministic approach also has important implications for psychology as a science. how to walk, babies are born with schema to feed. This gave psychology more credibility. This allows people with these mental disorders to live fairly normal lives. It introduced scientific methods to psychology. Rogers argues that self-actualisation requires positive self-regard (i.e. SLT can be used to explain the influence of media on aggressive behavior. When youre playing a game, for example, controller inputs are processed, which changes the output displayed on screen. The nervous system (including neurons and the . The main assumption of the psychodynamic approach is that all behavior can be explained in terms of the, The psychodynamic approach has given rise to one of the first talking cures, . Overview - Biopsychology. Revision guide for AQA Psychology AS and A-Level topics, including staightforward study notes and summaries of the relevant theories and studies, past papers, and mark schemes with example answers. However, these unconscious thoughts often bubble to the surface in things like dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue (e.g. Psychology. Behaviorism studies observable, and measureable behaviors. The humanistic approach believes all humans have a desire to achieve self-actualisation. But if a persons parents impose conditions of worth on them, them are less likely to have positive self-regard. A-Level Psychology. 1) Explanatory power - The approach has provided a huge influence to western psychology and is a dominant force. These questions will cover basic arithmetic, data, and graphs. Advocates of the cognitive approach often think of mental processes as analogous to computer processes. (1997) found that when their participants were performing activities involving the central executive while being scanned, the prefrontal cortex showed greater activity. Also covers classical conditioning and Pavlov's dogs; Operant conditioning and Skinner's rats; 4 e. Paper 1: Introductory Topics The genitals. This shows that characteristics depend upon an interaction between nature (the genes) and nurture (the environment). Flashcard maker: . a positive opinion of yourself). According to the theory, if toilet training is too strict, it can manifest as a (anal retentive) personality that is obsessive about details, tidiness, routine, etc. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. In theory, the science of psychology would observe human behaviour and deduce the laws that govern it in a similar way. Classical conditioning is a key principle of behaviourism. biological factors or childhood experiences), the humanistic approach believes each person should be viewed. Group 1 imitated specific aggressive acts that were displayed by the model. Skinner argues that free will is an illusion. For example, intelligence: If there was a gene that made a human better at hunting food, then the human with that gene would be less likely to starve to death and so more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. No deck description has yet been added by the author. Updated on May 18, 2023 Reviewed by Saul Mcleod, PhD Learning Approach: Behaviorism Assumptions (AO1) All behaviors are learned from our environment. Practical applications: Therapies based on the cognitive approach (e.g. However, the examples above illustrate how there is a strong genetic component to many psychological disorders. Level: AS, A-Level. For example, the genetic characteristics expressed by an individual (whether they have blue eyes or brown eyes). Defence mechanisms are a way in which the ego manages conflict between the id and superego. Ma. These conditions of worth create incongruity within the self between the real self (how the person is) and the ideal self (how they think they should be or want to be). The cognitive approach recognises the importance of these mental processes and studies them (unlike e.g. If forceful feeding, deprivation, or early weaning occur, then fixation could lead to oral activities (e.g., smoking), dependency, and aggression. As the approach views the individual as unique, it does not believe that scientific measurements of their behavior are appropriate. These biological structures are covered in more detail in the biopsychology module and include: Another aspect of the biological approach is neurochemistry. These mediating processes are described in Bandura (1977) as follows: Strengths of the social learning approach: Weaknesses of the social learning approach: The cognitive approach to psychology explains behaviour as a result of cognitive processes such as thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. Learn More: How to Revise for Psychology A-level. Despite this rigour, Wundt often found that reports were highly subjective and varied from person to person, which meant they were unreliable. AQA psychology the behaviourist approach AQA Psychology: Origins of psychology. The approach is holistic as it does not try to break down behaviors into simpler components. For more information on psychosexual stages, click here. Group 2 was the least aggressive. All behaviors are learned from our environment. This is done using brain imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET scans. It argues that internal mental processes (operations of the mind, e.g., perception of memory that mediates between stimulus and response) should be studied scientifically. What are the most effective ways of revising subject knowledge? Approaches - Psychology A Level Flashcards | Quizlet messy and disorganised. The anus withholding or expelling feces. It is strongly determinist as it views our behavior as caused entirely by biological factors over which we have no control. There is no need to be worried if you have a GCSE pass grade of 5 or higher, as you will be familiar with these concepts. 1 of 9 Approaches - A Level AQA Revision Notes Apr. As part of his experiments, Wundt pioneered the technique of introspection. Self-actualisation is a growth need. The subjects were separated into groups as follows: Aggressive: Role model hits the doll with a hammer and shouts abuse at it, Non-aggressive: Role model does not hit the doll or shout at it, Half of the subjects had a role model of the same gender, while the other half had a role model of the opposite gender, After observing the role model for 10 minutes, the participants were taken to a room with toys but told they couldnt play with them (the aim of this was to increase aggression), After 2 minutes, the participants were taken to a room with lots of different toys (including a Bobo doll) and left to play with them for 20 minutes, Children who had observed an aggressive role model previously acted more aggressively than children who had observed a non-aggressive role model, Boys acted more aggressively than girls in general, The child was more likely to imitate the behaviour of the role model if the role model was the same gender as them, Explains cultural differences: If children learn behaviours by modelling those around them (as social learning theory claims) then this explains different behaviours between cultures because the children imitate the behaviours of the culture. It neglects the influence of free will as it argues that our behavior is the result of previous conditioning. As mentioned, a basic assumption of behaviourism is the validity of animal studies in explaining human behaviour. As its aim is to understand peoples subjectivity, it uses methods that yield qualitative data, such as unstructured interviews or participant observations. A level psychology - Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet This includes 3-5 hours worth of revision for the whole of the approaches unit. are important in determining behaviour. The position of the approach is unclear as it argues, on the one hand, that the way we process information is determined by our past experience (schemas). (1961) and Badura and Walters (1963); however, these were laboratory experiments, and the task did not reflect the way the participants behaved in their normal life. According to Rogers, self-actualisation also involves unconditional positive regard and congruence between how a person sees themself and their ideal version of themself. Behaviorism is very much on the nurture side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment. It is also reductionist as it reduces our behavior to the outcome of the actions of genes and other biological processes, neglecting the effects of childhood and our social and cultural environment. Obviously you can dye your hair, but your hair still grows back the same colour that is determined by your genotype. If the concordance rate for a psychological disorder is higher among identical twins (monozygotic twins) than non-identical twins (dizygotic twins), this suggests a genetic component to the disorder. The results were as follows: These results illustrate many key concepts of social learning theory: People imitate (copy) the behaviours of role models they identify with (i.e. Group 2: the model was punished (told off), Group 3: no consequences for the aggressive behavior. Every time he activated the lever, a food pellet fell into the food dispenser (positive reinforcement). As mentioned above, social learning theory is not entirely behaviourist. For example, Baddeley (1966) used lists of words to find out the encoding used by LTM. This was not the case in the studies, as the children were on their own. Ultimately, this helps the client to self-actualise and fulfil their potential. Approaches: MCQ Revision Test 1 for AQA A Level Psychology Topic Videos Approaches in Psychology: AS Exam 2016 Feedback Video Topic Videos But where the approaches section focused mainly on genetics, this biopsychology section drills down more into the physiology and biochemistry underlying behaviour:. moral beliefs about right and wrong). Behaviourist approach. If toilet training is too relaxed, it manifests the opposite personality (anal expulsive), i.e. Also, we usually do not find a 100% concordance rate in MZ twins for mental disorders, which indicates that environmental and social factors must be involved in the development of these disorders. Dual coding. However, in our normal life, we would use many cognitive processes simultaneously, so it lacks validity. However, they do not cure the disorders, and when patients stop the drugs, the symptoms reappear. This suggests that the central executive is situated in the prefrontal cortex. Learn. Psychoanalysts use psychoanalysis to identify and interpret these unconscious thoughts and their meanings, which then serve as a basis for treating psychological disorders. Cognitive processing can often be affected by schemas (a mental framework of beliefs and expectations developed from experience). Comparing the Approaches | AQA Psychology | A-level - YouTube How do you compare the Approaches in Psychology? These internal mental processes cannot be observed directly, but we can infer what a person is thinking based on how they act. Evolutionary psychology is an approach that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits, i.e., as memory and perception, as adaptations that increase our chances of survival. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. Covers the outline of the cognitive approach. The cognitive approach tends to be reductionist as when studying a variable; it isolates processes such as memory from other cognitive processes. Deception detection is an interdisciplinary field attracting researchers from psychology, criminology, computer science, and economics. An example of the behavior of evolutionary explanation is Bowlbys theory of attachment. The cognitive approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are replicable. They are mental short-cuts, ways of organising information and understanding the world. it's the biological approacha from the approaches topic). Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Similarly, you might be born with the SLC1A1 gene, which is linked to OCD. Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes, done through the use of brain scanning techniques such as fMRI. This could be the cause of inaccuracies in areas such as eyewitness testimony. Maslow gave various examples of self-actualised people, including Albert Einstein, but believed only around 1% of people truly achieve self-actualisation. Perspectives In Psychology (Theoretical Approaches) Genes code for characteristics such as eye color but also for the structure of the nervous system and for the functioning of the nervous system, i.e., neurochemistry, the number of neurotransmitters produced, and the way they are used.
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