What Are The 8 Biological Factors That Influence Child Development? https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035959, Perry, N. B., Calkins, S. D., Nelson, J. Cortex 25, 16081617 (2015). J. Psychiatry 173, 625634 (2016). Neurosci. However, examining a large age range such as 525 years might obscure interaction effects that vary over the course of development, and SES-related variability in the rate of cortical thinning during late adolescence when thinning has slowed may be minimal (Fig. 7, 7681 (2016). The inset shows a schematic of potential cellular underpinnings of cortical thickness as measured by MRI: glial number and size, neuron number and size, synaptic complexity and myelination14,15,16. R. Soc. PubMed Central Emotion, 12(4), 690700. In E. Harmon-Jones & J. Neurosci. The extent and drivers of gender imbalance in neuroscience reference lists. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0859-10.2010. Proc. The site is secure. PubMed Trans. Psychobiol. Positive social interactions lead to oxytocin release, which has also been shown to enhance plasticity167. B Biol. 2002 Apr;49(2):463-77. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(01)00014-1. Environmental influences on the pace of brain development. Sheridan, M. A. Importantly, measures of FA are related to both axon coherence (compact bundling of several axons in a similar orientation) and myelination, and may also conflate experience-expectant (age-related) myelination with experience-dependent myelination, impairing our ability to detect environmental influences on the rate of maturation. Oxytocin decreases handgrip force in reaction to infant crying in females without harsh parenting experiences. Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. Early attachment organization with both parents and future behavior problems: From infancy to middle childhood. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. In conclusion, disparate strands of evidence from neuroscience, psychology and medicine are consistent with a model in which the early environment affects not only the outcome but also the pace of human brain development. How Do Biological Factors Affect Children's Development | Cram Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Psychol. Being "SMART" About Adolescent Conduct Problems Prevention: Executing a SMART Pilot Study in a Juvenile Diversion Agency. Proc. 35, 1394313948 (2015). Attachment dismissal predicts frontal slow-wave ERPs during rejection by unfamiliar peers. Racial and/or ethnic and socioeconomic disparities of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children. ), Oxford handbook of coercive dynamics in close relationships (pp. Neurosci. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1037/15283542.7.4.838, Stalnaker, T. A., Cooch, N. K., & Schoenbaum, G. (2015). 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Claude Bernard and the heartbrain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Verbeke, W. J., Pozharliev, R., Van Strien, J. W., Belschak, F., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2014). Maternal executive function, heart rate, and EEG alpha reactivity interact in the prediction of harsh parenting. Brain Mapp. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 831839. Baum, A., Garofalo, J. P. & Yali, A. M. Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: does stress account for SES effects on health? 6, 4257 (2002). Sci. Satterthwaite, T. D. et al. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 29, 700710 (2018). Bras. Natl Acad. On the nature and use of models in network neuroscience. 11, 547 (2017). Thinning is attributed to both regressive (synaptic pruning) and progressive (myelination) processes13,14. Abstract. 1.2. BioFactors - SCI Journal Herringa, R. J. et al. In addition, biological factors affect how individuals respond to the environment, including how individuals respond to programs designed to prevent or treat conduct problems. articles. Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples: Temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568586. Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function. EYE 313WB 1.3 Analyse the impact of environmental factors on children's development As we know that biological factors have the influence to impact children's development, the environment also plays its role in the children's development. We argue that changes in the pace of brain development also affect plasticity during development. Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(1), 5692. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(1), 129138. Externalizing and Internalizing Problems: Associations with Family Adversity and Young Children's Adrenocortical and Autonomic Functioning. 38, 472492 (2017). JAMA Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3803 (2020). Development and Psychopathology, 26(4pt1), 10211033. This finding is consistent with a large body of work showing that some effects of the early environment are modulated by glucocorticoids85,104. Trends Cogn. Psychiatry Cogn. Natl Acad. A third possible mechanism by which chronic stress may accelerate brain development is that young individuals process threat as an overall signal of lack of protection and support that is, they receive cues that the environment requires maturity and this triggers adaptive top-down processes that cause development to proceed more quickly. Analyse the impact of biological factors on children's development Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Miller, D. J. et al. Hum. Community and household-level socioeconomic disadvantage and functional organization of the salience and emotion network in children and adolescents. Analyse the impact of environmental factors on children's development Qualification: NCFE CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Early Years Educator Unit: Unit 3.13: Support children with additional needs Learning outcome: Understand biological, environmental and developmental factors which may result in children needing additional support Dating couples attachment styles and patterns of cortisol reactivity and recovery in response to a relationship conflict. J. Comp. 3). Inclusion of citation diversity statements has been proposed as a way of increasing transparency surrounding citation practice210,211. Toddler fearfulness is linked to individual differences in error-related negativity during preschool. & Meeter, M. Short- and long-lasting consequences of novelty, deviance and surprise on brain and cognition. J. 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As discussed in Chapter 1, a growing body of work has significantly strengthened understanding of the factors that influence mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) development from well before a child is born through adolescence, the mechanisms through which they exert that influence, and the complex interactions among them. Neuropsychol. As little as 4 days of enrichment produces measurable changes in cortical thickness in rodents118,119, and longer exposure is associated with longer retention of increased thickness after return to a standard environment120. Grayson, D. S. & Fair, D. A. (2017). Neural Syst. & Freund, M. P. Thehealthy brain and child development study shedding light on opioid exposure, COVID-19, and health disparities. Biol. Google Scholar. Rev. Horizontal grey lines represent the age ranges of individual studies, as shown on the horizontal axis (grey line1, ref.63; grey line2, ref.64; grey line3; ref.65; grey line4, ref.196). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12470. Romeo, R. R. et al. Nat. Glasser, M. F., Goyal, M. S., Preuss, T. M., Raichle, M. E. & Van Essen, D. C. Trends and properties of human cerebral cortex: correlations with cortical myelin content. Annu. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only the outcome but also the pace of brain development. PLoS ONE 11, e0162511 (2016). Dev. Behav. Barch, D. et al. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(22), 74667472. Studies have used many different measures of segregation to characterize functional brain networks, and it will be crucial for future research toexamine how different measures relateto each other and to SES over development. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 776789. Biol. NeuroImage https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.038 (2018). A. et al. Scholz, J., Allemang-Grand, R., Dazai, J. (2013). In one study, adults from higher-SES backgrounds showed a weaker negative association between segregation and age than did adults from lower-SES backgrounds, consistent with an interpretation of a slower decline in functional network organization in higher-SES adults197. xxxx). Neuron 106, 890894 (2020). Kyweluk, M. A., Georgiev, A. V., Borja, J. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.059, Vrtika, P., Andersson, F., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163743, Bigler, E. D., Mortensen, S., Neeley, E. S., Ozonoff, S., Krasny, L., Johnson, M., Lainhart, J. E. (2007). Below, we discuss promising approaches to overcome these limitations and directly test our hypotheses in future research. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000285, Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. Bassett, D. S., Xia, C. H. & Satterthwaite, T. D. Understanding the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders with network neuroscience. Sci. Computational evolutionary models suggest that children with more variable experiences, regardless of the valence of these experiences, reduce their estimate of uncertainty about the environment later, and hence lose plasticity later than do children who experience less-variable environments159,160,161. The Biosocial Approach to Human Development, Behavior, and Health Sci. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, 163176 (2016). Rev. In another study, youth aged 822 years from high-SES neighbourhoods show a stronger association between age and local segregation clustering than did youth from low-SES neighbourhoods64. The second is that stress could cause faster ageing of the entire body by increasing glucocorticoid levels and allostatic load (physiological wear and tear) and by promoting activation of inflammatory processes78. Parenting and Family Support Centre School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature, Deater-Deckard, K., Chary, M., McCormick, S. (2018). Cell 182, 388403.e15 (2020). & He, Y. Graph theoretical modeling of baby brain networks. Brain image corresponding to grey line3 adapted with permission from ref.8, Sage Publishing. Metherate, R. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in sensory cortex. An important future direction is determining whether SES effects on earlybrain maturation set the stage forearly brain ageing3,187,188. (eds) Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan . There has been rapid growth in parenting research that incorporates indirect and direct measures of a variety of biological factors, in the hope of better articulating the mechanisms of child and family development, as well as improving the efficacy of interventions to improve developmental and parenting outcomes. Psychopathol. Measuring attachment representation in an fMRI environment: A pilot study. However, the brains plasticity as potential for change varies with age. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Proc. Integration has a distinct meaning when one is interpreting diffusion data compared with when one is interpreting functional data47 (Box1). Later in development, in youth aged 320 years, SES moderates the negative relationship between age and cortical thickness such that youth from lower-SES backgrounds show a steeper curvilinear decrease in cortical thickness at a younger age than do youth from higher-SES backgrounds22,23. 1186, 3755 (2010). Deater-Deckard, K., & Panneton, R. 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All authors wrote the article and reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission. Specifically, during late childhood, youth from high-SES neighbourhoods showed lower local cortical functional segregation than did youth from low-SES neighbourhoods. Effects of education on aging-related cortical thinning among cognitively normal individuals. Hum. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000278, Cooke, L. P., & Baxter, J. The contribution of network organization and integration to the development of cognitive control. 55, 268279 (2015). Structural brain networks can be constructed from measures of regional streamline count or diffusion scalar values averaged along a tract, such as FA. Biological Psychology, 76, 6171. FOIA Belsky, J., Ruttle, P. L., Boyce, W. T., Armstrong, J. M. & Essex, M. J. Effect of hippocampal and amygdala connectivity on the relationship between preschool poverty and school-age depression. Environmental influences on the pace of brain development Epidemiol. Mitigating head motion artifact in functional connectivity MRI. Psychol. Although the limited bedding paradigm fails to capture many of the social, emotional and cognitive aspects of being raised in a low-SES environment, this constraint does result in fragmented and unpredictable nurturing behaviours and increased glucocorticoid release in the pups96,97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.293, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Riem, M. M., Tops, M., & Alink, L. R. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2013.826661, Brussoni, M. J., Jang, K. L., Livesley, W., & Macbeth, T. M. (2000). D.S.B. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00690-2, McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. Reh, R. K. et al. (2007). Neurol. Child Development, 76(1), 5472. Developmental Psychology, 44, 293300. Sci. Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.004, Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhsz, C., Nagy, F., & Chugani, D. C. (2001). Enrichment may also affect cortical surface area, but it is not commonly measured121. Epub 2015 Oct 21. and JavaScript. It has long been understood that factors at the individual, family . 34, 1219212205 (2014). Developmental Psychobiology, 54(5), 503513. LeWinn, K. Z., Sheridan, M. A., Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Top. Frankenhuis, W. E. & Walasek, N. Modeling the evolution of sensitive periods. Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00486, Voelker, P., Sheese, B. E., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. Neuroanatomical correlates of the income-achievement gap. Clinical Radiology, 57(6), 502506. Neonatal cerebral ultrasonographic findings and a neurological score were . 21, 981996 (2017). Our model also predicts that educational experiences earlier in childhood will have a bigger effect on brain development and plasticity than experiences later in childhood, by changing the trajectory of maturation. Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C. & Gao, W. Imagingstructural and functional brain development in early childhood. A. Neuroreport, 12(13), 29752979. Article USA 115, 91939197 (2018). Rev. 47, 578591 (2014). Developmental processes, including myelination, inhibition and the formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs; lattice-like extracellular structures that enwrap neurons and act as a physical brake on plasticity) decrease the brains ability to change as children get older123,124 (Box2). (2017). J. Sci. In T. Dishion & J. Snyder (Eds. Father contributions to cortisol responses in infancy and toddlerhood. Neurosci.) B Biol. Neurosci. Streamline count is a measure of how many fibres can be reconstructed between two brain regions213. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. & Bergles, D. E. Myelin remodeling through experience-dependent oligodendrogenesis in the adult somatosensory cortex. Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Brooks-Gunn, J. Neurosci. R. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924, Bridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2015). We provide an overview of the major methodological approaches used, and findings pertaining to key dimensions of parenting and parentchild relationships (e.g., warmth, conflict, attachment), and childrens cognitive and social-emotional development. Behavioral genetics (7th ed.). (2008). Dev. J. Assoc. J. Neurosci. Mem. Rev. New York, NY: Academic Press. We suggest a model that predicts that experiences that are both negative and chronic or repeated are the most likely to accelerate brain development and reduce plasticity.
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